This section is the map for the rest of the book. The five stages introduced in the 1.1 chapter overview (parse, analyze/rewrite, plan, portal, execute) are traced here through the actual code: which functions implement each stage, and in what order they get called. The mechanics of each of the five stages are unpacked in later chapters. Here, only the skeleton matters: how a backend starts up, ho
PostgreSQL Internals · Chapter 1 Query Processing Suppose a client sends SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = 1. The path that single line travels before coming back as a result row is longer than you might expect. Inside the PostgreSQL backend, that SQL goes through a five-stage pipeline. Backend entry and dispatch. The backend receives the message from the client and decides which processing path it s
TL;DR You can integrate Azure DevOps with GitHub to get the best of both worlds in Power Platform development. ADO stays as the backbone: work items, sprint planning, test plans, and deploy pipelines all remain on Azure DevOps. Code moves to GitHub: Power App Code Apps or Power Pages SPA live in GitHub repos, unlocking native GitHub Copilot integration and the Copilot Cloud Agent. The two platfo
SQL is widely known for data querying and manipulation but systems do grow; data becomes larger; processes become repetitive and operations become sensitive. SQL has some features which enables it to be considered a fully fledged programming language. Some of the features which I discuss in this article are procedures, functions and transactions. Each of these concepts serve distinct purposes. Sto
Introduction Placing RDS in a private subnet protects it from unauthorized external access — but it also means you can no longer connect directly from your developer machine. This article walks you through a step-by-step guide to securely connect to a private-subnet RDS (PostgreSQL) instance using AWS Client VPN. Developer PC │ │ UDP 443 (TLS / Mutual Certificate Authentication) ▼ Client
GitHub Copilot just got a lot more complicated — and not in a good way. If you tried to sign up for Copilot Pro recently and hit a wall, that's not a bug. GitHub quietly paused new sign-ups for Copilot Pro, Pro+, and Student plans starting in late April 2026. No end date announced. No workaround offered. Just a message and a door that won't open. That alone would be worth covering. But they made t
Billing code is the most dangerous place to have subtle bugs. It rarely crashes — it just silently does the wrong thing. Here are two we found and fixed in ClipCrafter, an AI video clip extraction tool. We track how many seconds of video each user processes per day to enforce plan limits. The original increment looked like this: const { data } = await db .from("users") .select("daily_usage_sec
Microsoft's 'Co-Authored-by Copilot' Tag: Unpacking the Strategic Play for AI Dominance in VS Code The persistent insertion of 'Co-Authored-by: Copilot' into commit messages within VS Code—often irrespective of GitHub Copilot's active contribution to specific changes—is far from a benign engineering detail. It represents a calculated, multi-faceted strategic maneuver by Microsoft, signaling a pr